Concrete hatching: concept, features and sources of information

For anyone working in construction or design, the subject of concrete hatching is fascinating. It alludes to the texturing and patterning methods used on concrete surfaces, which can turn an ordinary slab into something both aesthetically pleasing and useful. Gaining knowledge about concrete hatching can help you, whether you’re a professional or a do-it-yourself enthusiast, explore new avenues for your projects.

This idea entails applying patterns or textures to concrete, either to enhance the surface’s appearance or functionality. Hatching, for example, can imitate natural materials such as stone or tile, giving an attractive finish without having to pay for those materials. It can also increase slip resistance, which makes surfaces safer under different circumstances.

Investigating concrete hatching entails delving into a variety of methods and instruments employed to produce distinct effects. There are various techniques, each with special advantages, ranging from exposed aggregate finishes to stamped patterns. Understanding these choices will enable you to choose the approach that best meets the requirements of your project.

It’s beneficial to refer to a variety of resources before beginning concrete hatching. Industry guides, instructional videos, and online forums can offer insightful advice and useful hints. Local experts and suppliers can also provide guidance specific to your requirements and circumstances.

How concrete is hatched – designation of material on drawings

Conventional images are used on the drawing diagrams to indicate the product’s material and structure, as per GOST 2.306-68. Concrete must be hatched on the drawing to make it clear what material is used, specifically, for comparable structural elements. A written explanation is included with the schematic drawing. Pencil thin lines with varying stroke lengths, intersections, and inclinations are used to complete the document.

What is hatching on a plane?

For easy reading of the information of a technical drawing, parts are designated in sections. They display what exactly is in the cutting plane of the product, so that the elements are easily and simply distinguished and recognized for all areas of construction. Hatching of reinforced concrete and its parts is performed with an inclined sand and gravel landscape with a thickness of 0.3 mm. For metal materials, the lines are drawn at equal distances. Unreinforced concrete is designated on the diagram as a sand and gravel pattern. Narrowed areas are shown in black. The conventional designation of concrete on drawings is dashes that are made intermittently and at an angle. Parallel lines are drawn of the same type and scale from 1 to 10 mm.

It is customary to use an angled sand and gravel landscape when illustrating such material on paper.

Materials designated as GOST hatching are conventionally designated. You can identify the type of building material by using the hatching on the diagram. Convenience is the reason for requiring this when building objects for different uses.

Although the lines and strokes used in concrete may intersect, the material is composed of multiple constituent elements that are somewhat apart from one another.

These types of drawings are employed in the building of numerous construction projects. Nonetheless, there are a few subtleties to consider:

• you can additionally draw up the required number of drawings and indicate explanations for individual building materials that were not taken into account during the creation of the standard;
• taking into account GOST, the designation of concrete on the drawings may be absent if this is not necessary, or it may be partially designated – to highlight a specific object.

In architectural drawings and designs, the technique known as "concrete hatching" is employed to depict various concrete finishes and surfaces. This technique facilitates the visualization of the different textures and patterns that concrete can have, which helps with understanding and project planning. In this post, we’ll define concrete hatching, go over its salient characteristics, and provide links to helpful sources so you can read up on the subject and learn more about using this method successfully.

What is construction documentation

A collection of design, estimate, executive, and working materials created at various phases of preliminary work make up construction documentation. Listing them all would be impractical; it is sufficient to know that there are numerous documents, each of which is utilized at a different point in the planning or building process. These textual and graphic resources highlight the project’s engineering, architectural, and design elements. Text resources are used during the project’s planning and processing stages.

Among other documents, working drawings are crucial because it is through them that the project implementation process—such as laying or assembling building structures—takes place.

The SPDS (System of Design Documentation for Construction) was developed in order to organize a large number of documents. It creates consistent guidelines for the data design and presentation on an ongoing project. Compliance with other documentation systems, such as the Unified System of Design Documentation, or ESKD, is guaranteed by SPDS standards. As a result, many regulatory inconsistencies and contradictions could be eliminated and disparate requirements and standards could be combined.

Concept, features and system of information sources

A metaphor for building materials is hatching. most frequently applied when handling concrete. The pencil drawing is composed of dashes, lines, and points that cross or are spaced apart. The majority of constructions use schemes. Still, there are a few oddities:

• if not necessary, hatching may not be created at all or may be created partially to highlight individual objects;
• if necessary, additional drawings with explanations are used for materials that are not provided for by the standard.

There are three hatching notation systems used in construction:

• GOST 3455 — 59;
• GOST 2.306 — 68;
• GOST R 21.1207-97.

Examine each type in depth as it possesses unique features for applying symbols.

Standard GOST 3455 — 59

From January 1, 1959, to January 1, 1971, this template was in use. The term "Drawings in mechanical engineering" was its colloquial name. sectional and cross-sectional hatching " The following was the notation system:

• metal – designation in the form of oblique strokes between which there is an equal interval;
• other non-metallic objects – intersecting left- and right-angled lines;
• wood: grain section pattern – an image similar to the texture of larch; cross-section pattern – an image of cracks, as well as tree trunk rings;
• unreinforced concrete – a schematic drawing of sand and gravel;
• reinforced concrete – an image of sand and gravel, oblique strokes;
• brick – intersecting dotted and solid lines at an angle;
• glass – three types of strokes, between which there are vertical and horizontal intervals;
• liquid mortar – designation by hatching, which is applied horizontally with narrowing intervals;
• primer – a pedography pattern combined with intersecting three horizontal and vertical lines.

Standard GOST 2.306 — 68

The 1971 cancellation of the symbol system gave rise to GOST 2.306–68. Rigor and the lack of artistic effects set it apart. The following are the recently added sections:

• wood – equal radius arcs with intervals;
• natural stone – dotted lines at an angle;
• ceramics or silicate – two groups of strokes separated by wide intervals;
• concrete – dotted strokes-lines at an angle;
• soil – three strokes combined into a group, separated by gaps.

Furthermore, the following are necessary requirements for this standard:

1. if the line drawing of different materials is similar, they should be signed with an explanation;
2. this standard does not cover reinforced concrete material – there is a template for it GOST 21.107-78;
3. facade materials are not depicted in full, small sections along the contour are sufficient.

The following guidelines for using the diagrams are established with the release of this standard:

• hatching at an angle is applied, as a rule, at an angle of 45 degrees relative to the base;
• if the oblique lines coincide with the contour or axial lines, for the former an angle of 30 or 60 degrees is used;
• the slope of the lines representing one object must be the same;
• objects whose areas are shown on the drawings using narrow sections are hatched only at the ends and in small areas along the entire length;
• very narrow parts are indicated by filled lines with small gaps between adjacent planes;
• a section of a small area is indicated by hatching like metal or is not hatched at all with certain marks;
• the slope of the oblique hatching lines on adjacent planes must be different;
• other rules defined by this standard.

Standards for developers and manufacturers

The current standards for drawing up drawings were GOST 3455-59 and GOST 11633-65, which were actually duplicates of one another before GOST 2.306-68 appeared. Sources of the legal documentation needed to execute drawings correctly:

• Image of drawing fonts. — GOST 3454-59.
• Drawing lines – GOST 3456-59.
• Shading of elements of various structures in sections — GOST 3455–59.
• Conventional graphic images of building elements and materials — GOST 2.306–68.
• Dimensions on the drawing diagram — GOST 3458–59.

The designations given in the regulatory documentation must be used in order for the drawing to be completed correctly.

It should be noted that hand-drawn drawings and specially developed computer-designed systems for designing drawings in the AutoCAD program differ in how concrete and concrete joints with steel reinforcement are shaded. They employ a unique elemental fill to fill the chosen area in accordance with the sample that is currently available.

Strict observance of the guidelines stipulated by the fundamental standards requirements is required. Understanding and applying the specified dimensions correctly requires familiarity with the conventions set forth by GOST 2.307–68. It is important to keep in mind that if various kinds of concrete and structures made of them are used (precast, monolithic, prestressed, etc.), inscriptions with explanations are applied to the drawing. Nomenclature is not used on construction drawings for components such as panels, wall blocks, and homogenous concrete elements that do not need to have their composition identified.

It is not specified in the standard that we just discussed how to identify elements that are composed of reinforced concrete. They are extracted into an independent standard, published under the R21.1207-97 number. At the moment, the process of constructing highways makes the most use of this set of regulations. Nonetheless, the regulations pertaining to the designation of reinforced concrete structures also apply to other types of construction, such as single-family homes, multi-story buildings, commercial establishments, and industrial workshops.

This state standard explains how to appropriately label soil and asphalt on drawings. Furthermore, it specifies that angled dotted lines must be used for shading concrete. It will be required to alternate dashed lines with continuous lines if concrete is mentioned, as concrete is reinforced by steel. The gaps between them ought to be the same in this instance.

The lines are also utilized to include with the same interval in order to show the areas that are made using reinforced concrete with stressed reinforcement (it has improved flexion characteristics, since it is additionally heated or stretched during the production process), but in this case it is necessary to alternate one dashed two solid.

As referred to in drawings: Features of compilation

Graphically denote drawing sections for different types of materials, so that the builder understands what material the component of the part or product is made. According to the GOST line in the drawing official document, you need to apply at an angle of 45 and 90 ° to the axis and the frame of the entire drawing. Hatch parts of structures and their parts in one direction for a specific product. If the hatching line coincides with the contour, then the angle of their execution is changed – 30-60 °. Section figures give a general idea of ​​what the elements are made of, therefore, they additionally describe the material itself. A full description is written in the specifications under the drawing or statements.

The material section’s graphic filling should be oriented at a 45-degree angle with respect to the drawing’s axis and frame.

Apart from the prerequisites, it is important to take into account:

• The frequency of the lines of the main element. If it coincides with another, it is necessary to give an additional explanation depending on the location.
• For reinforced concrete parts of the structure, there is a separate type of design documentation GOST 21.107-78 "Conventional images of elements of buildings, structures".
• Lines are applied strictly to the left or to the right side.
• Hatching of concrete is done by hand (except for stripes with a straight direction).
• In a cell (insulation), schematically depict intersecting sections of 2 parts that need to be drawn at a distance and make these lines different.
• It is imperative to use construction shading for construction and structural drawings of buildings with reconstructions or at the construction stage.
• Narrow sections (from 2 to 4 mm) are painted partially, along the edges in convenient places for perception.
• The material of the facade part is depicted in small areas along the contour of the part.

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Marking of concrete and products made from it: learning to read symbols

We’ll go over the most popular designations in our piece, along with some advice on how to use particular materials.

Various tasks require different solutions.

The primary feature of a particular ready-made and prepared concrete mixture is its concrete grade, which establishes the area of application and the quantitative ratio of the material’s primary constituents (cement, sand, crushed stone, and water).

Designation of concrete grades

Additional qualities include water resistance, frost resistance, and layability, the value of which varies depending on the grade of concrete and the quantity of additives added.

Concrete hatching according to GOSTs

How should reinforced concrete be correctly hatched on drawings? Exist any guidelines that specify how different types of building structures and their sections should be drawn? These and a few other questions need to have answers, which we must find.

In section, concrete appears like this. Furthermore, how is it labeled on drawings?

Concept	Concrete hatching refers to the pattern or texture used to visually represent concrete surfaces in drawings or diagrams. It helps differentiate concrete from other materials and shows how it will appear in real life.
Features	Concrete hatching typically uses diagonal lines or a grid pattern. These patterns vary in thickness and spacing depending on the concrete"s finish or type. The style of hatching can convey different qualities, such as smoothness or roughness.
Sources of Information	To learn more about concrete hatching, check out architectural design textbooks, building codes, or online resources like design guides and construction websites. Tutorials and software manuals for CAD programs also provide detailed instructions on how to apply hatching patterns.

Concrete hatching is an artistic technique that gives concrete surfaces more usability and aesthetic appeal. It’s more than just a technical process. Gaining an understanding of this idea entails realizing how distinct methods can produce a variety of textures and patterns, turning ordinary concrete into something both functional and aesthetically beautiful. Understanding how to apply and manipulate hatching patterns can significantly improve the result, regardless of whether you’re working on a small DIY project or a large construction project.

Concrete hatching’s characteristics show off its adaptability, from its wide variety of patterns to its function in enhancing surface durability. By selecting the appropriate hatching technique, you can improve the concrete’s performance in a range of environmental circumstances in addition to getting the desired look. Concrete surfaces can be made more resilient and aesthetically pleasing by using this useful method of addressing both style and substance.

Many resources are available for those who want to learn more about the world of concrete hatching. You can master the techniques and apply them effectively with the help of available information, which ranges from professional courses and workshops to online tutorials and guides. By investigating these resources, you’ll gain the expertise and self-assurance necessary to take on any concrete project with ease.

In conclusion, concrete hatching provides a useful tool for improving the practicality and appearance of concrete surfaces. You can make decisions that will result in successful and fulfilling outcomes by being aware of its features and making use of the resources that are available to you. Accepting concrete hatching improves the strength and longevity of your projects in addition to their aesthetic appeal.

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